Unified Soil Classification System - USCS Chart
The Unified Soil Classification System is based on the airfield soil classification system developed by Casagrande during World War II. With some modification it was jointly adopted by several U.S. government agencies in 1952. Additional refinements were made and it is currently standardized as ASTM D 2487-93. It is used in the U.S. and much
AASHTO Soil Classification System - AASHTO Chart
The AASHTO Soil Classification System classifies soils into seven primary groups, named A-1 through A-7, based on their relative expected quality for road embankments, sub-grades, sub-bases, and bases. Some of the groups are in turn divided into subgroups, such as A-1-a and A-1-b. Furthermore, a Group Index may be calculated to quantify
Advantages and Disadvantages of Canal Lining
Advantages of lined canals: Avoiding excessive loss of water due to seepage, To avoid erosion, To avoid water logging of adjacent lands due to seepage, To reduce flow resistance, To help in control of weeds aquatic growth, To provide needed side slope stability
Structural Elements of Reinforced Concrete Buildings
Concrete is a stone like substance obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the shape and of dimensions of the desired structure. Long horizontal or inclined members with limited width and height are called beams. Their main function is to transfer loads from the slab to the columns.
Purpose and Methods of Treatment of WasteWater
The prehistoric and the Old civilization established themselves near water sources. While the importance of water quantity for drinking purposes was apparent to our ancestors treatment processes was not well known. Water treatment originally focused on improving the aesthetic and Sight qualities of drinking. Ancient Sanskrit & Ancient Greek writings
Types of WasteWater Treatment Ponds
Based upon the range of biological reactions occurring in pounds there are three types of ponds. Aerobic (high-rate) pond in which there is no significant anaerobic or sludge zone. Anaerobic ponds, in which the contribution of any possible aerobic surface layer is small. Oxidation ponds (so called facultative or aerobic anaerobic pond in which have the whole range of reaction
Design of Weir and Conditions for Stability & Maximum stress
In any hydropower projects the diversion structures occupies the key position. Among these diverging structures weir is the most commonly used structure, because of its simple design and operation. Different types of weir can be used as diverging structures some of them are given below: Sharp crested weir Broad crested weir Ogee weir Tyrolean weir weir with lateral intake etc
Land Use Pattern | Basic Urban Form Conceptual Frameworks
resembles the Dispersed Sheet urban form of Kevin Lynch, which he described as having “maximum flexibility, personal comfort, independence and where local participation is highly possible”. Trend extension is the result of individuals building anywhere according to their own preferences and convenience with minimal government intervention.
Methods to Determine Stress in Soil
Both immediate and consolidation settlement analysis requires estimate of increase in pressure (ΔHσ) in the soil layers from the applied loads. Several methods are available to estimate the increase in pressure at any depth z from the applied load. We will discuss: 2h: 1v Slope Method An early method is to use 2 (horizontal): 1 (vertical) slope as shown in figure.
Shear Strength of Pervious and Impervious Soils
Soils derive their strength from contact between particles capable of transmitting normal as well as shear forces. The contact between soil particles is mainly due to friction and the corresponding stress between the soil grains is called the effective (or inter-granular) stress s'. Thus, the shear strength of a soil is mainly governed by the effective stress. Besides the
Engineering Properties of Silt and Clay
Silt and Clay are considered to be smaller family members of soil group, Even small amounts of fines can have significant effects on the engineering properties of soils. If as little as 10 percent of the particles in sand and gravel are smaller than the No.200 sieve size, the soil can be virtually impervious, especially when the coarse grains are well graded. Silica is decided to be
Civil Engineering Syllabus - Civil Engineering Courses
Engineering Mechanics, Engineering Mechanics Lab, Engineering Drawing Engineering Materials, Computer Applications in Civil Engg. & Communications, Applied Linear Algebra, Electrical Technology, Mechanics of Solids, Computer Programming for CivilMechanics of Solids Lecture Notes
It is the combination of physical, mathematical, and computer laws and techniques to predict the behavior of solid materials that are subjected to mechanical or thermal loadings. It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid matter under external actions. The external actions may be: External Force Temperature Change DisplacementMeasurements in Surveying
In Surveying all measurements are horizontal, can be inclined; reduce to horizontal and vertical components in plotting. Distance between 2 points on a plan or map is always horizontal distance irrespective of their elevation,(distance between their projection on horizontal plane). How are these Measured and which instrument should I use? Distances (Horizontal):
