Factors Affecting Soil Compaction

As water is added to a soil ( at low moisture content) it becomes easier for the particles to move past one another during the application of the compacting forces. As the soil compacts the voids are reduced and this causes the dry unit weight ( or dry density) to increase. Increased compactive effort enables greater dry unit weights to be achieved

Comparison of Coarse-Grained and Fine-Grained Soils for Engineering Use

The main groups of soils for engineering purposes are coarse-grained soils — sand and gravels — and fine-grained soils — silts and clays. It is important to know the differences between fine-grained and coarse-grained soils so that to make a decision related to soil composition and particle sizes.

Factors Affecting Design of a Barrage

Factors affecting the Design of Barrage are as follows: Estimation of Design Flood Hydraulic Units Width of Barrage Afflux Tail Water Rating Curve Crest Levels Discharges through a Barrage (Free Flow Conditions) Discharge through a Barrage (Submerged Flow Conditions) Fane's Curve Gibson's Curve

River Training Works and other Definitions

Force the river into restricted channel, to ensure almost axial flow near the weir site. (embankments in continuation of G-Banks. To contain flood within flood plains). Provided on the upstream in order to protect the area from submergence due to rise in HFL, caused by afflux. Embankment type structures constructed transverse to river flood, extending from the

Factors Affecting Structure Shape and Capacity of Culverts

Ideally, the axis of a culvert should coincide with that of the natural stream bed and the structure should be straight and short. This may require modification of the culvert alignment and grade. Often it is more practical to construct the culvert at right angles to the roadway. However, the

Advantages of Natural Seasoning of Wood

To increase dimensional stability. Wood shrinks across the grain (not along the grain) when it dries. If wood is cut to size before it is seasoned, it will shrink during drying and thus be undersized in its final form. To reduce or eliminate attack by decay or stain. Wood that is dried below 20 percent moisture content is not susceptible to decay or sap staining. To reduce the

Composition of Ordinary Portland Cement

The chief chemical components of ordinary Portland cement are: Calcium, Silica, Alumina, Iron. Calcium is usually derived from limestone, marl or chalk while silica, alumina and iron come from the sands, clays & iron ores. Other raw materials may include shale, shells and industrial byproducts. The chief compound which usually form in process of mixing:

Environmental Impact of Ordinary Portland Cement

There are lots of environmental impacts of Cement on our ecology. One of the major problems is emission of CO2 from the Cement industry. It is found that world yearly 1.6 billion tons production of cement covers 7% of carbon dioxide's yearly production. As CO2 is harmful for human health and also for the wild life. It causes many respiratory problems like asthma, bronchitis, and nasal infections.

Determination of Discharge Capacity and Number of Spillways

The maximum discharge capacity and the number of spillways are determined by studying the following factors: By studying the flood hydrograph of past ten years, the maximum flood discharge may be computed which is to be disposed off completely through the spillways. The water level in the reservoir should never be allowed to rise above the maximum pool

Differences between stone and brick masonry

First of all, in brick masonry, brick is the smallest structural unit and in stone construction stone is the smallest structural unit. Stone masonry is usually used in rural areas and its best kind, which is very costly can be used for very strong construction. In brick masonry the size and shape of the brick matters a lot but not in stone masonry. The discontinuity of joints is important in both

Advantages and Disadvantages of Canal Lining

Advantages of lined canals: Avoiding excessive loss of water due to seepage, To avoid erosion, To avoid water logging of adjacent lands due to seepage, To reduce flow resistance, To help in control of weeds aquatic growth, To provide needed side slope stability

Sources of Irrigation Water - Ground Water & Surface Water

It is found on the surface of the land. These include spring water, River water, lake water, etc. This can be supplied to the field by weir (check dam) by gravity or by using pump. Check dam /weir/ system is used only when the source of water is from river, or spring water that

True Stress & True Strain | Engineering Stress - Strain

The true stress (ø) uses the instantaneous or actual area of the specimen at any given point, as opposed to the original area used in the engineering values. The true strain (e) is defined as the instantaneous elongation per unit length of the specimen. The relationship between true stress and true strain i.e. the flow curve can be expressed using the power law:

Design of Water Channel (Canals)

The channel is the same thing that is used for the water carriage purpose, however in case of hydropower projects the channel that takes water from the intake (Diversion Structure) is usually called connecting channel. It's tunnel is to be used in between the intake and power house otherwise called headrace channel, if no tunnel is to be used in between the intake and

Site Setting Out Survey | Field Setting Out | Surveying Layout

The method of setting out is the reverse of surveying process. The process involves the positions and levels of building lines and road alignments shown on the construction plans to be established on the ground by various techniques and instruments. A building can be set out by taking referencing from an already established baseline. An irregular building or a building