Introduction & History of Irrigation Engineering
Irrigation is the controlled application of water to croplands. Its primary objective is to create an optimal soil moisture regime for maximizing crop production and quality while at the same time minimizing the environmental degradation inherent in irrigation of agricultural lands. Irrigation is thus critical for food security in semi-arid and arid areas. Irrigation has two
Design & Construction of Culverts
An opening through an embankment for the conveyance of water by mean of pipe or an enclosed channel. Generally selection and type of material depends on the comparative cost, location of structure, availability of skilled labor, time limitations.
Types of Roads - Design & Functional Classification of Roads
A road network is composed of various types of roads, each of which performs a particular service in facilitating vehicular travel between points of trip origin and destination, and in providing access to property. Road classification is the orderly grouping of roads into systems according to the type and degree of service they provide to the public. Consideration forStability of Earth Retaining Structures
It is strong in compression and weak in tension so no tension should be allowed in any part of the retaining wall, especially the base of the supporting wall. Earth embankments/slopes are commonly required on railways, roads, earth dams etc. The stability of these slopes must therefore be thoroughly analysed as their failure may lead to loss of human life as well as economic
Types of Admixtures of Concrete & Cement
A material other than water, aggregates, or cement that is used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar to control setting and early hardening, workability, or to provide additional cementing properties. Admixtures are generally used to alter the properties of concrete (such as increased workability or reduced water content, acceleration or retardation of setting time,Acoustic and Sound Proofing Materials
Materials which have substantially greater ability to absorb sound than other conventionally used materials (wood, glass, concrete) are called acoustic materials. A majority of tiles used for acoustic purposes are made from wood, cane fibers matted and bonded into sheets of various thickness ranging from (3/16) in to (5/4)in. The sheets are cut into tiles of different sizes.
Advanced Traveler Information System
ATIS for arterials provides information on arterial conditions (e.g., travel speeds, travel time, incidents) to motorists through such media as websites, radio, television, or personal devices. This limited dissemination is in part due to the lack of surveillance on arterial streets. Another challenge is the absence of a commonly understood method of describing
Minimum Steel Reinforcement in Concrete
The minimum amount of steel reinforcement is defined as that for which "peak load at first concrete cracking" and "ultimate load after steel yielding" are equal. In this way, any brittle behavior is avoided as well as any localized failure, if the member is not over-reinforced. In other words, there is a reinforcement percentage range, depending on the size-scale,
Team Functions, Roles and Responsibilities
Contracts are broken down into activities for purposes of scheduling, estimating, progress control and cost control. Large projects can have several hundred activities or more. Trick is to know which activities are critical. Critical activities are those that could impact the cost of the work by at least one half of one percent of the bid price: For example, on a $1,000,000 project.Civil Engineering Surveying
The process of determining by measurement, the relative positions of points above, on, or beneath the earth surface, in order to produce map or plan (which shows feature of the surface) in horizontal or vertical plane. The Term surveying refers to those measurements or operation, which deal in production of map or plan in horizontal plane.
Sub-Surface Movement of Groundwater
Water moves primarily downward due to gravity. Water infiltrates from surface and moves downward to water table or ponds on impermeable surface (clay layer, etc.) to form a Perched water table
Rate of Strength Gain of Concrete
Strength can be defined as ability to resist change. One of the most valuable properties of the concrete is its strength. Strength is most important parameter that gives the picture of overall quality of concrete. Strength of concrete usually directly related to cement paste. Many factors influence the rate at which the strength of concrete increases after mixing. Before coming
Compressive Strength of Concrete after 7 and 28 days
Strength of hardened concrete measured by the compression test. The compression strength of concrete is a measure of the concrete's ability to resist loads which tend to compress it. The compressive strength is measured by crushing cylindrical concrete specimens in compression testing machine. The compressive strength of concrete is calculated by the failure loadCommon Definitions in Surveying
Levelling is the most widely used method of obtaining the elevations of ground points relative to a reference datum and is usually carried out as a separate procedure to those used in fixing planimetric position.
