A test specimen is subjected to slowly changing prescribed forces or deformations by means of hydraulic actuators. Inertial forces within the structures are not considered in this method. Purpose is to observe the material behavior of structural elements,

The highest, longest and most expensive suspension bridge on earth, Megastructure Akashi Kaikyo bridge caries a huge 6 line free way linking Kobe with the island of Awaji in to the south.

Many people, indeed many engineers, who are not familiar with the subject think that constructing a bridge across a river is entirely a problem in structural engineering. They assume that the bridge opening can be made so large that it will completely span the river at such a height that floodwater will never rise anywhere near the deck. If this was always true there

The designer should have first seen and studied many bridges in the course of a long learning process. He should know what type of beam may be suitable in the available conditions, either a beam bridge an arch bridge or a suspended one. He should also know the influence of foundation conditions on the choice of spans and structural systems etc. hence, the designer