Reinforcement is generally put into concrete to cater for its relative weakness in tension compared with compression. The term 'cross-sectional area' (CSA) is used to refer to the area of the section under consideration, both for the concrete and for the steel. The ratio of the area of the steel to that of the concrete is the percentage of reinforcement, which for concrete

Total quality is an approach to doing business that attempts to maximize the competitiveness of an organization through the continual improvement of the quality of its products, services, people, processes and environments. Characteristics of the Total Quality: Strategically based Customer focus (internal and external) Obsession with quality Scientific approach to decision making and problem solving

If the soil of the canal bed is porous and coarse grained, it leads to more seepage loss and consequently low duty. If it consists of alluvial soil, the percolation loss will be less and the soil retains the moisture for longer period and consequently the duty will be high. Let, Duty = D (hectares/cumecs), Delta = A meters Base period = B days By definition, One cumec

Traffic lane is the number of lanes of traffic that a traffic engineer plans for bridge or road. It is part of carriageway designated by proper marking and is used to control and guide the driver (typically it is 3.6 m (12 ft). Design lane is the lane designation used by the bridge engineer for live load placement, which 3 m (10 ft). It consists of uniformly distributed load

The law of conservation of dimensions can be applied to arrange the variables or parameters that are important in a given problem into a set of dimensionless groups. The original set of (dimensional) variables can then be replaced by the resulting set of dimensionless groups, and these can be used to completely define the system behavior.