Masonry walls transmit the gravity load from the slab(s) above, down to the foundation (along with the RC tie-columns). The confined masonry walls are made up of solid clay bricks and act as bracing panels, which resist horizontal earthquake forces acting in-plane. The walls must be confined by RC tie-beams and tie-columns and should not be penetrated by

Earthquake resistance is the ability of the structure to withstand earthquakes. These structures perform better during the earthquakes and give sufficient time to its dwellers to evacuate the building, besides saving lives, reducing injuries and lowering the damages of the earthquake. These structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a

For given direction of earthquake, wall A acts as a shear wall and B acts as flexure wall. If the walls are not tied together wall B overturn (out of plane) and wall A slides (in plane) and collapse occurs. Masonry units should be tied properly. Such type of failure was among the most common, resulting from out-of-plane vibration of the walls. As the wall bends

The primary purpose of this test is to determine the unconfined compressive strength, which is then used to calculate the unconsolidated undrained shear strength of the clay under unconfined conditions. According to the ASTM standard, the unconfined compressive strength (qu) is defined as the compressive stress at which an unconfined cylindrical specimen of

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