The ballast should be renewed from time to time, because due to continuous hammering the ballast converted into the powder form. This powder along with dust, sand ashes from locomotive form an impervious layer and prevent the ease flow of water through ballast. Ballast maximum size is 1.9 to 5.0 cm with some reasonable proportion of intermediate sizes.

The purpose of the rail joint are to hold the two ends of the rail in place and act as a bridge between rail ends. Joint is made up of two bars or more commonly called angled bars. Joint bars prevent lateral or vertical movement of the rail ends and permit the longitudinal movement of the rails for expanding or contracting. ermit the longitudinal movement of the rails for expanding or contracting. Standard Compromise Insulated Joints

All rail cars and locomotives built to this specification can use any standard gauge railroad line in the world. However, not all railroads have been built to standard gauge. In the United States, gauge can vary slightly between 4 feet, 8.5 inches to 4 feet, 9.5 inches (1,460 mm). Gauge is the measure of distance between the railroad rails. The distance is usually

The effect of all the forces listed above is to cause movement of soil from high points to low points. The most important of such forces is the component of gravity that acts in the direction of probable motion. The various effects of flowing or seeping water are generally recognized as very important in stability problems, but often these effects have not been

Automobile parking area: This should be on city side. Hangars: These are for servicing, repair and storage aircrafts. They may be located on one side of terminal building. Gate position: It is a space allotted to an aircraft for parking at a loading apron. Runway: It is a paved long and narrow rectangular strip which is actually used for landing and take off of aeroplanes.