Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. In this survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. are done in the office. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results. The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and sometime cross staff.

Defects in concrete can often be related to the lack of durability of the concrete, resulting from the composition of the concrete, poor placement practices, poor Quality Control or the aggressive environment in which it is placed. Cracking, Spalling, Scaling, Honeycombing, Settlement, Alkali Aggregate Reactions, Piping, Loss of binding paste.

The first step of EIA process to decide whether or not EIA is required. It is a preliminarily study to investigate the negative and positive impacts of a proposed project. The project type and size is used to evaluate the extent of potential environmental impacts. Small projects some time have more adverse environmental effects than larger projects . Therefore, the

The study of EIA effectiveness shows a number of difficulties and constraints, generally although not universally applicable, that continue to prevent and hinder EIA from consistently delivering these advantages and benefits:

An environment impact Assessment is an event or effect, which results from a prior event. It can be described as the change in an environmental parameter, over a specific period and within a defined area, resulting from a particular activity compared with the situation which would have occurred had the activity not been initiated.