Hot mix asphalt cement is a material which has revolutionized road construction process.Hot mix asphalt paving consists of a combination of aggregates uniformly mixed and coated with asphalt cement. The term Hot Mix is used due to the fact that to dry the aggregates and to attain the desired degree of fluidity of the asphalt cement for proper mixing and

In the absence of a shaking table, some laboratories have developed simple simulators for dynamic testing of structures. One such kind of a facility, named as the shock table, is installed at the University of Roorkee, India and was developed by Keightly.

The method of setting out is the reverse of surveying process. The process involves the positions and levels of building lines and road alignments shown on the construction plans to be established on the ground by various techniques and instruments. A building can be set out by taking referencing from an already established baseline. An irregular building or a building

Plastic saturated soils (silts and clays) usually have lower shear strength than non-plastic cohesion less soil and are more susceptible to bearing capacity failure. For saturated plastic soils, the bearing capacity often has to be calculated for different condition. Total Stress Analysis (Short term condition) that uses the un-drained shear strength of the plastic soil. Effective

A truss structure is composed of slender members joined together at their end points Members are commonly wooden struts or metal bars Joint connections are formed by bolting or welding the ends of the members to a common plate (gusset plate) or by simply passing a large bolt or pin through each of the members