Wooden sleepers are the ideal type of sleeper. Hence they are universally used. The utility of timber sleepers has not diminished due to the passage of time. Advantages of Wooden Sleepers They are cheap and easy to manufacture They are easy to handle without damage They are more suitable for all types of ballast

It is the least pressure which would cause shear failure if the supporting soil immediately below and adjacent to a foundation. The ultimate bearing capacity is defined as the maximum gross pressure intensity at the base of the foundation at which the soil does not fail in shear. When the term bearing capacity is used, it may be understood to be the Universal Building Code

Rock structure includes joints, beding planes, folds, fractures, and faults. Rocks containing these structures will be easily subjected to weathering. There are certain elements which are included in rock composition. Some rocks will weather quickly and some slowly e.g. acidic rocks weather more quickly than basic ones. It includes the meteorological elements effect on rocks

It is the process of weakening rock and producing a rock waste or soil cover. Weathering occurs when rocks and minerals comes in contact with the atmosphere, organic life and suicidal water. Essential feature of weathering is that it affects rocks in-situ (in place) and no transportation of material is involved. A part of rainfall always snips into the soil on the covered rocks

The main objectives of this project are to evaluate the quality of drinking water sources in rural areas, covering 24 districts (94 tehsils) in four provinces of Pakistan, and design and install water conditioning and filtration units in the problem areas, in collaboration with local governments to ensure safe supply of drinking water to the rural population. The water