The prehistoric and the Old civilization established themselves near water sources. While the importance of water quantity for drinking purposes was apparent to our ancestors treatment processes was not well known. Water treatment originally focused on improving the aesthetic and Sight qualities of drinking. Ancient Sanskrit & Ancient Greek writings

Based upon the range of biological reactions occurring in pounds there are three types of ponds. Aerobic (high-rate) pond in which there is no significant anaerobic or sludge zone. Anaerobic ponds, in which the contribution of any possible aerobic surface layer is small. Oxidation ponds (so called facultative or aerobic anaerobic pond in which have the whole range of reaction

Qavg is the daily average flow based on yearly data.. Normally, the treatment units are designed on the basis of daily average flow while peak and minimum flows are used to check the capacities of basin and conduits in extreme flow condition. Mass Loading Factor takes care for the fluctuation in wastewater flows and the respective characteristics loading parameters.

In any hydropower projects the diversion structures occupies the key position. Among these diverging structures weir is the most commonly used structure, because of its simple design and operation. Different types of weir can be used as diverging structures some of them are given below: Sharp crested weir Broad crested weir Ogee weir Tyrolean weir weir with lateral intake etc

Prepare a test specimen of at least 2ft. Measure at least 3 places dia of steel bar by a VC and calculate the average value. Mark the gauge length i.e 2 marks 8” apart.