Bitumen is viscous elastic material without sharply defined melting points. They gradually become softer and less viscous as the temperature rises. This is the reason why the softening point of bitumen is determined. Softening point is not a melting point, bituminous material do not melt but instead gradually change from semi solids to liquids on application to heating. Softening point is indicative of the tendency of

Ductility is the property of bitumen that permits it to undergo great deformation or elongation. Ductility is defined as the distance in cm, to which a standard sample or briquette of the material will be elongated without breaking. Dimension of the briquette thus formed is exactly 1 cm square. The bitumen sample is heated and poured in the molds assembly placed on a plate.

A soil shear failure can result in excessive building distortion and even collapse. Excessive settlements can result in structural damage to a building frame nuisances such as sticking doors and windows, cracks in tile and plaster, and excessive wear or

To study the shear stress ~ shear strain behavior of the material. To study the failure pattern of these materials in torsion. To determine the mechanical properties, e.g, Modulus of elasticity, Modulus of rigidity, Shear strength, shear strain and ductility in torsion.

A machine used to test specimens for tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength and to perform bend test along other important laboratory tests. The primary use of the testing machine is to create the stress strain diagram. Once the diagram is generated, a pencil and straight edge or computer algorithm can be used to calculate yield strength,