Design optimization is the selection of most efficient and cost effective diameter of Penstock, taking in to account its cost and benefits. Optimization is the application of mathematical tools and techniques to an engineering sector that will enable the concerned people to select the most optimum option. In hydropower projects optimization

The success and efficiency of the irrigation system depends how efficiently and carefully canal network has been designed, these canals may be constructed through different types of soil such as: Alluvial soil, Non-alluvial soil etc. Thus the design criteria for earthen channels depends on the type of soil in which canal is going to be constructed such as:

The cement must be as per the approved mix design and fresh. The cement must be stored properly inside a closed container, room or must be stored on an elevated flat form and covered properly with tarpaulin.

The concrete that is prepared at the site (for pouring) is not exactly the same that is made in the laboratory with the same ratio, this difference is due to low quality control measures and insufficient monitoring system. The term ‘labcrete’ is often used to define concrete or mortar that is made and tested under strict laboratory conditions,

The layout and sizing of the hydraulic turbine and corresponding generating units can be calculated using different computation programs, United States Bureau Reclamation (USBR) manual, Corps of Engineers manuals, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) guidelines for powerhouses and the world known