Headrace pipe can also serve the same function as that of Headrace tunnels, depending upon the site location, geological and topographical constraints. as discussed earlier that tunnels can be divided into two types on the basis of type of flow. Similarly headrace pipes can also be divided into two categories pressure flow and gravity flow

Strength is the ability of a material to resist an induced amount of stress that would make it fail, generally expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or megapascals (MPa). The most analyzed and in a sense the most important mechanical property of concrete is its compressive strength.

The purpose of a dam is to retain and store large quantities of water in a safe way. Many considerations are analyzed. Dams can be built anywhere if you can spend enough money. However preferred site have following characteristics which lead to lower project costs. Thus alternate dam sites/axis location are evaluated for most cost effective choice.

Any dam project is carried out in the following stages: 1. Initial screening is conducted based on river profile and topographic maps. 2. Reconnaissance plan is developed using only already available data. 3. Pre-feasibility plan is developed with a little exploration and additional field data. 4. Feasibility plan is developed with

Dams and reservoirs are built to raise water level for storage and safe retention of large quantity of water. Water is subsequently released to achieve various purposes. Dams may be constructed to meet one or more purposes as: Irrigation, Hydropower development (Tarbela Dam, Mangla Dam), Domestic, municipal, industrial water