Design flow for sanitary sewer can be find as shown in steps below: Calculate the anticipated future (ultimate) population of area served by the sewer using ultimate population density. Multiply the ultimate population by per capita average daily sewage flow to obtain the average daily sewage flow. Select or calculate peaking factor (P.F)

Transportation Planning can be defined as Activities related to changing the way transportation services are provided. Transportation plays a vital role in our everyday lives and considered to be an important component of mankind’s infrastructure. All of us travel somewhere almost every day, whether it might be

There are different definitions for headrace tunnel (HRT) used at different scenarios. “Headrace tunnel takes water from connecting channels and convey it to the fore bay or directly to the penstock provided with surge shaft” depending upon the project and site requirements some times also known as power tunnels.

Headrace pipe can also serve the same function as that of Headrace tunnels, depending upon the site location, geological and topographical constraints. as discussed earlier that tunnels can be divided into two types on the basis of type of flow. Similarly headrace pipes can also be divided into two categories pressure flow and gravity flow

Strength is the ability of a material to resist an induced amount of stress that would make it fail, generally expressed in pounds per square inch (psi) or megapascals (MPa). The most analyzed and in a sense the most important mechanical property of concrete is its compressive strength.