Headrace Tunnels - Definition, Uses and Types of Headrace Tunnels

There are different definitions for headrace tunnel (HRT) used at different scenarios. “Headrace tunnel takes water from connecting channels and convey it to the fore bay or directly to the penstock provided with surge shaft” depending upon the project and site requirements some times also known as power tunnels.

Types of Activated Sludge Process - Plug Flow, Complete Mix, SBR

In CMAS, mixing of tank contents is sufficient so that ideally concentrations of mixed-liquor constituents, soluble substances (COD, BOD, NH4-N), and colloidal and suspended solids do not vary with location in aeration basin. Plug Flow involves relatively long and narrow aeration basins so that concentration of soluble substances and colloidal and suspended solids

Factors Affecting Road / Highway Classification

To identify the classification to which any road belongs, the following factors should be considered: SERVICE FUNCTION:- Most roads provide service to traffic, access to land or both. Following road type provide the service function given as; Freeways and Arterials ==> provide the movement of through traffic. Local roads ==> are used almost exclusively for land

5 Major Classes of Roads - Trunk, Primary, District, Local, Residential

Their main function is to facilitate regional distribution of traffic (intercity movement). They may be national or provincial roads and the type of facilities found in this class are freeways, expressways, dual carriageways and single carriageway main roads. This class of road forms the primary network for the urban area as a whole. All long distance traffic movements to

Types of Settling in Waste Water Treatment Plants

Discrete, non-flocculent particles in a dilute suspension - settle as separate units, and there is no apparent flocculation or interaction between the particles - settling of sand particles in grit chambers. Settling of flocculent particles in a dilute suspension - flocculate during settling and increase in size and settle at a faster velocity - settling in primary

Types of Air Masses and Fronts

If the surface is warm and moist, air in the region becomes warm and moist also. If the air then moves to different regions it takes these properties along, gradually changing in response to the new area. Air masses are designated as cold or warm and moist or dry. It is a boundary between two air masses. The term has its origins analog to military operations as the

Types of Road Intersections and Highway Crossings

Intersection also commonly known as crossroad is any place where two or more than two roads intersect or meet each other at grade. According to a source there are total 973 intersections in Karachi City. Intersections may be signalized or non-signalized, may or may not have a roundabout. The intersections encompassed by a roundabout are considered as safe

Types of Railway Sleepers - Advantages & Disadvantages

Wooden sleepers are the ideal type of sleeper. Hence they are universally used. The utility of timber sleepers has not diminished due to the passage of time. Advantages of Wooden Sleepers They are cheap and easy to manufacture They are easy to handle without damage They are more suitable for all types of ballast

Weathering - Definition and Types of Weathering

It is the process of weakening rock and producing a rock waste or soil cover. Weathering occurs when rocks and minerals comes in contact with the atmosphere, organic life and suicidal water. Essential feature of weathering is that it affects rocks in-situ (in place) and no transportation of material is involved. A part of rainfall always snips into the soil on the covered rocks

Classification and Types of Civil Engineering Survey

Topographical Survey: Degree of accuracy is comparatively low. American survey put 250 km2 for treating survey as Plane, but controlling factor should be degree of precision rather than extent of area. Cadastral Survey: Details such boundaries of houses, town, fields and other properties pathways are determined. Engineering Survey can be further divided into:

Types of Piles Based on Load Transfer, Installation Methods and Materials

If a bedrock or rocklike material is present at a site within a reasonable depth, piles can be extended to the rock surface. In this case, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile depends entirely on the underlying material; thus the piles are called end or point bearing piles. In most of these cases the necessary length of the pile can be fairly well established. Instead of

Geological Classification and Characteristics of Stones

Sandstone, limestone, dolomite originally formed mainly in sea water, or lakes, from the remains of animals and plants, also from transportation and deposition of rock products. Geologically the stones can be classified as follows:.... A. Detrital is made from disintegrated pre-existing rock. B. Biogenetic is made from shells and other fossilized fragments. C. Chemical is made

Types of Steel Structures

Tension Members Compression Members Truss Systems and Frame Systems Built-up Members and Structures Shell Structures Suspension Structures

Structure Analysis - Introduction and Background

The determination of internal actions and deformations is called Structural Analysis OR The determination of response of the structure to loads. The process of determination can be by: Structural Analysis Softwares Manual manipulations and calculations Structural Analysis consists of: Analysis & Design of a structure

Purpose and Methods of Treatment of WasteWater

The prehistoric and the Old civilization established themselves near water sources. While the importance of water quantity for drinking purposes was apparent to our ancestors treatment processes was not well known. Water treatment originally focused on improving the aesthetic and Sight qualities of drinking. Ancient Sanskrit & Ancient Greek writings