Levelling is the most widely used method of obtaining the elevations of ground points relative to a reference datum and is usually carried out as a separate procedure to those used in fixing planimetric position.

Itaipu dam is the world's most powerful dam built in Brazil in 1984.In 1994, the American Society of Civil Engineers selected the Itaipu Dam as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. It was supposed to generate 90,000 Giga Watts of electricity each year. In 2000, the generating capacity of Itaipu reached 93.4 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh), which supplied 93% of the energy

Joint filling is an important process in many structures such as Buildings, Masonry Walls. A joint filler for use in joints between structural elements comprising at least one layer of a substantially non-compressible, moisture blocking material; at least two layers of a compressible and resilient, moisture blocking material, each layer being in surface to surface contact with a

It is a conceptual design that defines the structure and/or behavior of an integrated Intelligent Transport System (ITS). ITS Architecture provides a framework to guide the planning and deployment of ITS technologies. The program facilitates the ability of jurisdictions to operate

LOS is a scale which defines the operating conditions on highway. It is a measure of the restrictive effects of the increased volume, level of service as proposed by manual ranges from A to F, A is ideal level and F is worst level of service.