This lining is recommended for the canal in full banking. The cement concrete lining is widely accepted. It can resist the effect of scouring and erosion very efficiently. The velocity of flow may be kept above 2.5 m/s. It can eliminate completely growth of weeds. The lining is done by the following steps: (a) Preparation of sub-grade, (b) Laying of concrete

When the canal passes through the sandy soil the seepage loss is at maximum and the canal is unstable. So, to make the canal perfectly impervious and reasonably stable, the most impervious types of linings should be recommended such as cement concrete etc. The smoothness of the canal bed and sides increases the velocity of flow which further increases

Factors affecting the Design of Barrage are as follows: Estimation of Design Flood Hydraulic Units Width of Barrage Afflux Tail Water Rating Curve Crest Levels Discharges through a Barrage (Free Flow Conditions) Discharge through a Barrage (Submerged Flow Conditions) Fane's Curve Gibson's Curve

When the angle between the headwork axis and the river axis exceeds 10°, the problem arises of concentration of flow on one side and island formation due to heavy silting within the guide bank on the other side. If the river axis is to the right of headwork axis, the concentration of flow is generally generally on the left side with consequent tendency to form an island

Force the river into restricted channel, to ensure almost axial flow near the weir site. (embankments in continuation of G-Banks. To contain flood within flood plains). Provided on the upstream in order to protect the area from submergence due to rise in HFL, caused by afflux. Embankment type structures constructed transverse to river flood, extending from the